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Objective To identify the pathogen and origins of 286 clustered cases of rotavirus infection in Hohhot, and to provide reliable basis for formulating preventive measures of rotavirus infection outbreaks. Methods Epidemiological investigation was conducted on 286 rotavirus outbreaks involving 8,560 cases in Hohhot from December 2017 to December 2020. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the genotypes, and the related risk factors were analyzed. Results Of the 286 rotavirus outbreaks, 165 were clustered outbreaks, and the duration was 5 to 8 days, with an average of (7.05±1.06) days, presenting temporal and spatial clustering. The causes of the outbreaks included rotavirus contamination in drinking water, improper management of household infections, and inadequate hospital preventive measures. The total number of cases was 8,560, and the positive rate of rotavirus was 47.17% (4 038/8 560). Group A and B rotavirus strains were detected in vomit or stool samples. Rotavirus infection in children was mostly caused by group A rotavirus (100%) and in adults by group B rotavirus (97.59%), and the common symptoms included diarrhea, vomiting and fever. The infection rate of children (87.67%, 3,540/4,038) was significantly higher than that of adults (12.33%, 4,98/4,038) (χ2=115.520, P<0.05). Rotavirus infection occurred most frequently in autumn and winter. Conclusion Clustered outbreaks account for most of rotavirus infection events, and children are the key targets of prevention and treatment. Rotavirus screening should be strengthened.
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@#COVID-19 global pandemic is spreading rapidly between close contacts through respiratory droplets. The most effective measures to combat and reduce infection outbreaks include social distancing, movement restrictions, and health sector capacity building, as well as public health. Scientists emphasize the importance of containing the number of positive cases without exceeding current doctors and hospital resources. They concluded that quarantine, particularly complete lockdown is effective in controlling the risk. </br> Furthermore, the mistakes reported during lockdown enforcement are the only measures to be taken when the infection rate peaks. In the highest infection rate, the intensive care unit needs to increase by 10 percent in only 24 hours if there is no lockdown. In China, complete and partial quarantines in COVID-19 outbreak areas were effective in containing the infection transmission. Mongolia declared a state of emergency and enforced quarantine on November 10, 2020, since the first positive case was reported. Without the quarantine, the number of positive cases is estimated to be 3.2 times higher.
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Objective: Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae is globally responsible for an alarming increase in hospital infections, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). The acquisition of resistance against a broad range of antibiotics has turned infections with this pathogen into a major worldwide healthcare concern. The aim of the study was to investigate if multistrain synbiotics can complement the current treatment options of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infections. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility and PCR testing were used to characterize the K. pneumoniae causing a hospital outbreak. Effect of multistrain synbiotic administration on the presence of K. pneumoniae in an infected patient was investigated by microbiological testing for the pathogen. Effects of the synbiotic mixture and its individual probiotic bacteria on K. pneumoniae isolated from patients and of the K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC© 700603TM reference strain were investigated by pathogen in-vitro inhibition experiments. Results: The outbreak K. pneumoniae strain was found to be resistant against a range of antibiotics including carbapenems, and to be a producer of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1). Treatment of a NDM-1 K. pneumoniae carrier with a multistrain synbiotic resulted in successful elimination of the pathogen from the patient. In-vitro inhibition experiments showed that the NDM-1 K. pneumoniae (and the reference strain K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, ATCC© 700603TM) could be effectively inhibited by the bacteria mixture of the synbiotic preparation. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicate for the first time that a multistrain synbiotic can add to the treatment repertoire available for the management of NDM-1 K. pneumoniae infections.
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Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance ,molecular phenotypes ,virulence gene profiles of Salmonella A gona (S .A gona) isolated from patients with acute diarrhea ,and to better understand its epidemic trend ,prevention and treatment .Methods Clinical data and stool samples of patients with acute diarrhea during April to October in 2013 and 2014 from the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were collected .Enrichment culture ,biochemical identification and serotyping analysis were used to isolate and identify S .A gona strains .The isolated strains were further analyzed with antibiotics susceptibility test ,pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) ,multiple locus sequence typing (MLST ) , Quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) .Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and β-lactamases genes (TEM ,SHV ,OXA ,and CTX-M) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing .The representative genes carried by Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) 1 — 6 ,9 — 12 and virulence plasmids were amplified by PCR .And the clinical characteristics of S .Agona infection were analyzed .Results Among 119 non-repetitive (non-typhoidal salmonella ,NTS) isolates during the two years ,eight isolates (6 .7％ ) of S .A gona were identified . The resistance rate of S .A gona strains to streptomycin was 100 .0％ , those to ampicillin and gentamicin were 62 .5％ ,to levofloxacin ,ciprofloxacin and nalicixic acid were 25 .0％ ,to chloramphenicol ,amoxillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin tazobactam were 12 .5％ .The strains were susceptible to other drugs .All 8 isolates had the identical ST13 genotype .PFGE showed 5 clones ,and 4 out of 5 isolates had the exact same patterns of PFGE and drug susceptibility .Two (fluoroquinolones ,FQ) resistant strains carried gyrA mutation leading to amino acid substitutions at position 87 in GyrA ,and no PMQR genes was detected ,while one of which was sensitive to ciprofloxacin by K-B method .All five ampicillin-resistant isolates were positive for TEM-1b gene and one isolate of them was resistant to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor complex .The representative genes carried by SPI 1 — 6 , 9 ,11 ,12 (hilA ,sseL ,mgtC ,siiE ,sopB ,pagN ,bapA ,pagC and sspH2) were 100 .0％ positive ,while the genes carried by SPI10 (sef A ) virulence plasmids (spvB , prot6E) were negative . Two patients with FQ resistant strains infection were clinically diagnosed with bacillary dysentery ,and the remaining six cases with FQ susceptible strains infection were clinically diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis .Conclusions FQs-resistant and multi-drug resistant S .A gonaisolates have emerged in clinical settings .These isolates carry a variety of virulence genes .Resistance to FQ of S .Agonamay cause more severe illness .ST13 might be the dominant genotype of S . A gona in China ,and we should try to prevent the infection outbreak of S .A gona .
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ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) is now considered an emerging flavivirosis, with a first large outbreak registered in the Yap Islands in 2007. In 2013, a new outbreak was reported in the French Polynesia, with associated cases of neurological complications including Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The incidence of GBS has increased in Brazil since 2015, what is speculated to be secondary to the ZIKV infection outbreak. The gold-standard test for detection of acute ZIKV infection is the polymerase-chain reaction technique, an essay largely unavailable in Brazil. The diagnosis of GBS is feasible even in resource-limited areas using the criteria proposed by the GBS Classification Group, which is based solely on clinical grounds. Further understanding on the relationship of ZIKV with neurological complications is a research urgency.
RESUMO O vírus Zika (VZIK) é agora considerado uma flavivirose emergente, com um primeiro grande surto registrado nas ilhas Yap, em 2007. Em 2013, novo surto foi registado na Polinésia francesa, com complicações neurológicas, incluindo a síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB). A incidência de SGB experimentou um aumento durante o ano de 2015, o que se especula ser secundário ao surto de infecção pelo ZIKV. A técnica em reação em cadeia de polimerase é considerado o teste padrão-ouro, mas é pouco disponível no Brasil. O diagnóstico da SGB é possível mesmo em áreas com recursos limitados usando os critérios propostos pelo GBS Classification Group, os quais são baseados exclusivamente em achados clínicos. Um maior entendimento da relação entre a infecção pelo ZIKV e complicações neurológicas é uma urgência de pesquisa.
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Humans , Disease Outbreaks , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/virology , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium, capable of sporulation when environmental conditions no longer support its growth. The sporulation capacity enables the organism to persist in the environment for extended periods of time. Clostridium difficile is the main pathogen accountable for antibiotic-associated colitis and for 15% to 25% of cases of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Major risk factors such as increased severity of underlying illness, increased age, prior antimicrobial use and gastric acid suppressors have been identified for Clostridium difficile.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(ABA) outbreak of nosocomial infection in the respiratory intensive care unit(RICU),to explore effective measures for prevention and control.METHODS In RICU on April 3 to 30 2009,patients under mechanical ventilation in the respiratory tract with MDRABA were conductd epidemiological surveys.RESULTS On 27 consecutive days,six cases occurred in mechanical ventilation in patients with lower respiratory tract MDRABA infection,of which 5 patients were cured;6 cases of lower respiratory tract of patients in sputum specimens isolated the same resistance spectrum MDRABA.CONCLUSIONS Medical personnel lack the consciousness of washing their hands.Indoor environment,air disinfection machine lack of supervision in mechanical ventilation patients with lower respiratory tract MDRABA,were the main reasons of infection outbreak.Strict isolation of patients should be strengthened,full implementation of hand-washing compliance,education,conventional screening,early intervention to prevent outbreak of hospital infection.
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OBJECTIVE To survey the hospital infection of Acinetobacter baumannii in an ICU during one week's time,and study its antibiotic resistance pattern and homogeneity.METHODS The antibiotic resistance patterns of 17 A.baumannii strains were obtained by K-B method,and their homogeneity information was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD).RESULTS Twelve strains of A.baumannii were isolated from the ICU,among which 3 were isolated from patients,and 9 were isolated from the surface of facilities in the ICU.Eleven strains were found to be multi-antibiotic resistant,and their resistance patterns were the same with the 5 strains from patients.RAPD results showed that the 3 strains from patients and 8 strains from the environment had the same genotype.CONCLUSIONS A small outbreak of a genotype of A.baumannii infection happens in the ICU.